DEGRADATION OF PASTURE ECOSYSTEMS: FACTORS, IMPACTS, AND RESTORATION STRATEGIES (A CASE STUDY OF ZHAMBYL REGION)

Abstract

This study focuses on a comprehensive assessment of the degree of degradation of pasture ecosystems in the Zhambyl region, identification of key natural and anthropogenic factors influencing their current condition, and development of scientifically grounded strategies for ecosystem restoration and sustainability enhancement. An integrated methodological approach was applied, including satellite monitoring based on the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), field phytosociological surveys, laboratory analysis of the physical and chemical properties of soils, pasture load modeling, and GIS-based spatial analysis.

The results indicate that approximately 60-70% of the region’s pasturelands are affected by moderate to severe degradation. The main drivers of degradation include excessive grazing pressure, insufficient availability of watering points, disruption of seasonal pasture rotation, and increasing climatic aridity. Degradation processes are manifested by a decrease in soil organic matter content, an increase in soil bulk density, and simplification of the floristic composition of vegetation cover, reflecting the systemic nature of ecosystem disturbance. The study demonstrates that the implementation of a rotational grazing system can increase pasture productivity by 20-45%, improve vegetation structure, and accelerate recovery processes of plant communities. The obtained results provide a scientific basis for the development of effective pasture management strategies in the Zhambyl region and contribute to ensuring the long-term ecological sustainability of pasture ecosystems.