ENHANCING THE SUSTAINABILITY OF AGROECOSYSTEMS UNDER CLIMATE STRESS THROUGH THE INTEGRATION OF LEGUME CROPS, BIOLOGICAL PREPARATIONS, AND LEGUME–CEREAL CROP ROTATIONS IN NORTHERN KAZAKHSTAN

Abstract

The article addresses the issues of increasing the sustainability and productivity of agroecosystems under conditions of climatic instability in Northern Kazakhstan, characterized by frequent droughts, uneven precipitation distribution, and increased temperature stress during the growing season. Particular attention is paid to the integration of leguminous crops, especially chickpea, as well as the use of biological preparations within legume–cereal crop rotation systems as a promising direction in the biologization of agriculture. The paper presents the results of field and laboratory studies aimed at a comprehensive assessment of the impact of agrotechnological practices on soil fertility, water regime, and crop productivity. The research examined agrochemical and agrophysical soil parameters, including humus content, macro- and micronutrient availability, soil acidity, bulk density, and water retention capacity, as well as plant biometric characteristics, leaf area development, and biomass accumulation dynamics. It was established that the use of biopreparations and seed inoculation with rhizobial bacteria enhances microbiological activity in the soil, improves nitrogen availability, and increases water use efficiency. A positive effect on soil structure and biological activity was also observed. The application of these approaches ensures a stable increase in chickpea yield, improves product quality, and reduces dependence on mineral fertilizers. The economic evaluation demonstrated increased profitability due to cost optimization and higher productivity. The obtained results confirm the feasibility of implementing biologized technologies as an effective tool for adapting agriculture to changing climatic conditions and ensuring sustainable agricultural development in arid regions.